Recyclable vs Biodegradable vs Compostable: What’s the Difference?

While recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable materials all have their important places in waste management, they are not interchangeable.

Recyclable items can be diverted from the waste stream and processed into new products, helping to conserve limited natural resources.

Biodegradable materials are those that will break down naturally over time with the help of microorganisms.

Compostable items break down into nutrient-rich soil in industrial or home composting facilities.

These terms are frequently confused and used interchangeably, although their definitions and advantages are quite different.

Knowing the differences between them makes it easier to make informed environmental decisions, ensuring their proper disposal and promoting sustainability in our daily lives.

What Does ‘Recyclable’ Really Mean?

Recyclable materials are items that can be collected, sorted, cleaned and reprocessed to create a new product. This integral process helps keep significant amounts of post-consumer waste out of our landfills and helps save our natural resources. Rather than throwing these materials away, recycling provides them with a new beginning, remaking what would be waste into valuable, reusable goods. In doing so, it forms a closed-loop system that reduces waste and provides long-term sustainability benefits.

Common Materials That Are Recyclable

Some common recyclable materials are metals, glass, paper and select plastics. Metals like aluminum and steel are made to last. They are easily recycled, since like metals they can be recycled infinitely without degrading.

Aluminum cans are the most recycled product in the U.S. And they are frequently back on store shelves in mere weeks. Glass, another alternative, is cherished for its infinite recyclability. In fact, glass bottles and jars can be recycled endlessly without loss of quality, making them the most sustainable packaging option available.

Other widely recyclable paper products include newspapers and corrugated cardboard. Cardboard, you are amazing! It is recyclable upwards of 20 cycles before the fibers are too short to continue processing. In addition, recycling cardboard uses 75% less energy than making it from virgin materials.

Plastics, on the other hand, are a little more complicated. Some plastics, such as PET, the material commonly used in water bottles, are recyclable. In the U.S., less than 5% of plastic waste is recycled, largely due to the difficulty of sorting and processing plastic materials.

How Recyclable Materials Are Processed?

Recycling’s first step is sorting. Strong community recycling programs and easy-to-find, clearly marked recycling bins help separate recyclable materials from the trash. Once collected, these items are transported to recycling facilities where they are cleaned, sorted and processed into raw materials.

These raw materials then go back into the cycle, to be used to manufacture new products. For instance, recycled glass turns into new bottles, and recycled paper pulp is used to make new paper products. This system is only possible through the active participation of consumers, illustrating just how crucial it is to know what materials are recyclable. In fact, research shows that two-thirds of respondents report confusion around recyclable packaging. This confusion is what frequently causes contamination in recycling streams.

The Limits of Recycling: What Can’t Be Recycled?

Recycling is an important tool but it does have limitations. When the wrong materials are recycled, or the recycling process is done ineffectively, it can result in more energy consumption and pollution. Certain materials like mixed plastics, food-contaminated products, or items with non-recyclable coatings are less likely to make it through the recycling process. While advances in technology are slowly improving the recycling industry, limitations still exist.

The Breakdown of ‘Biodegradable’

Biodegradable items are materials capable of being decomposed by the environment, meaning that they can naturally break down through the action of organisms such as bacteria and fungi. This process, called biodegradation, breaks these materials down into simpler compounds like water, carbon dioxide, and biomass.

The Biodegradation Timeline: What to Expect

Biodegradable doesn’t always mean fast. The rate of biodegradation also depends on ambient conditions, including temperature, moisture, and the presence of oxygen. Degradation time ranges from weeks to years, and in some instances decades or longer. For example, increased temperatures can accelerate microbial activity, allowing decomposition to happen at a faster rate. Likewise, plenty of moisture and oxygen makes for perfect conditions to support active microbes that can do the hard work of breaking things down. In landfills, where trash is tightly packed and oxygen is absent, conditions can stop biodegradation from occurring. That means even biodegradable materials can remain just as whole for years or even decades. A biodegradable product tossed in a landfill may break down at an extremely slow rate. As a result, it frequently does not deliver the environmental benefits that people hope for.

Common Biodegradable Materials and Their Uses

Common examples of biodegradable materials include fruits and vegetable waste, grass clippings, and leaves, as well as garden debris like untreated lumber. Other bioplastics, like polylactic acid (PLA), are made from renewable materials and are intended to decompose only when composted under certain conditions. Not all biodegradable materials, however, are suitable for composting, which is where the compostable options come into play.

These materials are often marketed as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastics. However, just because something is biodegradable doesn’t mean it’s perfect for the environment.

Does Biodegradable Mean Safe for the Environment?

It’s important to note that biodegradable materials can still harm the environment if not disposed of properly. For instance, biodegradable plastics in the ocean can break down into microplastics, which continue to pose a threat to marine life. While some materials may biodegrade in nature, they might not break down effectively in composting environments and could even release harmful toxins if decomposition doesn’t occur as expected. Studies show that around 40% of products marketed as biodegradable don’t fully decompose within a year of being discarded, raising concerns about the reliability of their environmental claims. Additionally, many biodegradable materials are not recyclable, and if not disposed of properly, they could end up in landfills or waterways, causing further environmental damage.

Another drawback is that there is no official standard in the U.S. for verifying biodegradability. This absence of federal regulation creates a free-for-all on labeling and public confusion.

Understanding ‘Compostable’ Materials

The Composting Process: From Waste to Soil

Compostable materials are organic items that decompose into nutrient-rich soil when subjected to the proper composting environment. According to the US Composting Council, this process is done by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, which break down materials into organic matter. It’s a way to return resources to the Earth. This circular approach provides a more sustainable solution compared to landfills and conventional recycling.

Compostable vs. Biodegradable: Key Differences

While biodegradable materials break down over time, compostable materials break down into beneficial compost that can help regenerate the soil. The key distinction lies in the end result — compostable materials are not just decomposing; they’re improving the earth, reducing landfill waste, and supporting environmental balance.

Compostable materials provide a superior green option. They are very different from biodegradable products, which can sometimes be worse for the environment.

Examples of Compostable Materials

Compostable materials include food scraps such as fruit peels and vegetable trimmings. You can compost yard waste like grass clippings and leaves. Some bioplastics and plant fiber products, such as bagasse food containers or bagasse coffee cups, are included as well.

Sadly, not everything marked compostable behaves this way. For example, many bioplastics only break down in special conditions that can only be provided in industrial composting facilities. Organic materials such as fruit peels will break down quickly in a backyard composting system.

The difference between home and industrial composting

The difference between home and industrial composting is key here. Home composting typically occurs in a residential scale bin or compost pile. There, natural processes decompose organic waste over time. That’s because it’s a great solution for things such as food scraps and yard waste.

Commercial composting takes place in industrial, specialized facilities. These facilities are able to process a wider range of materials, including certain bioplastics and compostable packaging. These facilities provide controlled conditions with specific temperature, moisture and oxygen levels.

Due to these conditions, materials completely break down within an average of 180 days. Access to commercial composting facilities is only readily available in major metropolitan areas. This keeps it from being available to other people who live in smaller communities.

The Challenges of Compostable Labeling and Certifications

One of the biggest issues with compostable materials is in the labeling. There’s no clear regulation on what can be considered compostable. This can cause items to be misclassified, creating unnecessary confusion for consumers.

Certifications from third-party organizations such as the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI) and the Compost Manufacturing Alliance (CMA) guide you in identifying authentic compostable products. Always verify whether these items require commercial composting or if you’re able to compost them at home.

Key Differences Between the Three

Knowing the difference between recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable materials is key to choosing products that are good for the planet. Each category plays a unique, yet important, part in reducing waste and addressing our environmental challenges. Yet their processes and impacts are quite different.

While all compostable items are biodegradable, not all biodegradable materials are compostable. This difference is an important one. When compostable utensils break down, they leave no harmful residues, which is a significant advantage over certain biodegradable plastics that may fragment into microplastics. Understanding these differences helps consumers make informed decisions about their packaging solutions.

Recyclable materials, such as aluminum cans or paper products, are generally reincarnated several times over, multiplying their lifespans and minimizing the need for new resources.

Biodegradable plastics— which lack dangerous additives such as BPA —might break down on land, but they don’t work in the ocean. To prevent causing harm without meaning to, it’s important to know how things are processed.

Among sustainable items, compostable items are particularly noteworthy for their environmental benefits. They break down into natural soil enriched with nutrients in as few as 180 days. This rapid breakdown makes them ideally suited for urban areas with robust composting infrastructure.

These materials contribute positively to soil health, promoting vigorous plant growth. While recycling is essential, it can become a source of pollution when mishandled. Composting presents a more environmentally friendly alternative for processing food scraps and waste materials.

Environmental Impacts of These Materials

Each of these materials plays a significant role in reducing waste, but they do so in different ways. Let’s take a closer look at how they impact our planet.

List of Common Packaging Materials: Recyclable, Biodegradable, and Compostable

Note: The recyclability, biodegradability, and compostability of materials can vary based on local regulations, processing capabilities, and specific composition of the material.

Recyclable Materials and Their Role in Reducing Waste

Recycling helps divert materials from landfills and reduces the need for virgin resources. By recycling everyday materials like paper and plastic, we can significantly reduce waste and conserve natural resources.

Biodegradable Materials: A Double-Edged Sword

While biodegradable materials have the potential to break down in the environment, they can still pose a risk if not disposed of correctly. Improper disposal can lead to environmental harm, especially in marine environments.

Compostable Materials and Their Contribution to Soil Health

Composting isn’t just about waste management — it’s also about enriching the soil. Compostable materials, when processed properly, provide valuable nutrients back to the earth, helping plants grow and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

The Hidden Environmental Costs of Misuse

The benefits of recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable materials depend heavily on proper disposal methods. Misuse or improper disposal can lead to waste accumulation, pollution, and other environmental consequences.

How to Properly Dispose of These Materials

Recognizing the difference between recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable materials is just part of the war. Following proper disposal is the best way to avoid having these materials cause harm to the environment and have them disposed of properly. Each type has a unique disposition, and knowing how to approach each one can go a long way to creating a positive change.

How to Properly Dispose of Recyclable Items？

Recycle all plastics, especially those labeled 1, 2, or 5. Remember to add cans from food and beverage containers, unbroken colored glass, cardboard, paper products, and cartons! Always use appropriate recycling containers and check the rules in your area, as they may differ from place to place.

For example, some communities take mixed recyclables, while others need them pre-sorted. Be sure to rinse containers to remove any food residue, as contamination is one of the main causes of recyclable materials being sent to landfills.

The Right Way to Compost: What You Need to Know

Composting isn’t just about tossing waste into a bin. It requires the right mix of organic materials, temperature, and moisture. You should familiarize themselves with composting practices to ensure their compostable waste breaks down properly.

Don’t include non-compostable materials such as plastic liners, even if they are advertised as biodegradable. Home composting needs a mix of green (nitrogen-rich, such as vegetable scraps) and brown materials (carbon-rich, such as dried leaves). Keep the compost pile damp, but don’t soak it.

Turn it twice-weekly to keep the heat active, which can reach upwards of 160°F. This process creates nutrient-rich soil, perfect for gardening. Urban residents may have greater access to industrial composting facilities, particularly in cities with populations over 1 million.

Read labels religiously. Just because something is biodegradable or compostable doesn’t mean it’s recyclable, and the other way around is true. For compostable products, 90% of the material must be able to break down within 180 days and pass certain ecotoxicity tests.

Common Mistakes in Disposing of Biodegradable Products

Improper disposal of biodegradable products can reduce their environmental benefits. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

• Assuming All Biodegradable Products Are Compostable – Not all biodegradable items are suitable for composting, and some require industrial conditions to break down properly.
• Mixing Biodegradable Materials with Recycling – Biodegradable plastics can contaminate the recycling stream and should never be placed in regular recycling bins.
• Discarding Biodegradable Items in Landfills – Without proper oxygen and moisture, biodegradable products break down much more slowly in landfills, reducing their eco-friendly impact.
• Ignoring Local Disposal Guidelines – Waste management rules vary by region, and incorrect disposal can prevent biodegradable materials from decomposing as intended.
• Confusing Flushable with Biodegradable – Many “flushable” products do not break down easily and can cause sewer blockages and environmental harm.
• Overlooking Contamination Risks – Food-contaminated biodegradable items may not compost properly and can introduce unwanted substances into the composting process.

Choosing the Right Option for Packaging

When it comes to sustainable packaging, choosing the right material can be overwhelming. Understanding the pros and cons of recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable options can guide businesses in selecting the best choice for their needs.

When to Choose Recyclable Materials

Recyclable materials are ideal when you want to reduce waste and conserve resources. They’re especially useful for products that can be processed in local recycling systems, reducing the need for new raw materials.

Biodegradable Packaging: Is It Always the Best Option?

Biodegradable materials might seem like an easy fix, but they aren’t always the best choice. The environment in which they decompose, along with their ability to break down without causing harm, should be carefully considered.

Why Compostable Materials May Be the Future of Sustainable Packaging

Compostable materials offer significant environmental benefits, especially for food packaging. With more composting facilities and consumer awareness, these materials may become the go-to choice for packaging in the future. Contact InNature Pack to learn about our compostable bagasse packaging.

Considerations for Businesses: What Fits Your Needs Best?

When choosing packaging, businesses must weigh factors such as environmental impact, cost, disposal methods, and material availability. This ensures the packaging solution aligns with both their sustainability goals and practical needs.

Conclusion

Knowing the difference between recyclable, biodegradable and compostable materials will put you in a better position to make more informed decisions. Compostable materials are better for some applications, while recyclable materials work best for others. Recyclables are made into new products, saving the materials and resources needed to create new materials from scratch. Unlike recyclables, biodegradables actually break down, returning to nature — as long as they’re in the right environment. Compostables take this concept a step further, enriching soil when properly processed.

Which one you choose really just depends on the scenario. For packaging, compostable materials are best for food waste, while recyclable materials are better for items like papers and metals. Make sure to check local disposal guidelines to make sure you’re disposing of them correctly. Get started today. Small changes in your daily habits can make a world of difference for the planet.

Weigh the alternatives and make a move towards living a more sustainable life today. It’s just a matter of figuring out what combination works for you and the planet.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable materials?

Recyclable materials can actually be processed into new products. Biodegradable items are able to return to nature with time. Compostable materials break down into nutrient-rich soil in a composting environment. Each of them serve important and distinct environmental purposes.

Can all biodegradable materials be composted?

No. Though all compostable materials are biodegradable, not all biodegradable materials qualify for composting. Compostable items require special environments to decompose properly into materials that enrich the soil.

Are compostable materials better than recyclable ones?

The answer is, it depends. Compostable materials, which are ideal for organic waste, and recyclable materials, including biobased plastics, work well for plastics, metals, and glass. So what’s the better option?

What happens if I put compostable items in the trash?

Compostable items won’t break down well in landfills either because there is no oxygen and other conditions needed for their decomposition. This can result in methane emissions, a highly potent greenhouse gas.

How can I identify if something is recyclable or compostable?

Read the label on the packaging! Check for recycling symbols on packaging or compostability certifications such as ASTM D6400 or BPI Certified Compostable. If ever in doubt, err on the side of caution and check your local waste management guidelines.

Is biodegradable plastic recyclable?

No. Biodegradable plastics are problematic, as they can’t be recycled along with traditional plastics. Disposing of them in a recycling bin can gum up the recycling process. Instead, follow local waste regulations for these biodegradable options.

Which option is the most eco-friendly?

It really depends on the material and local disposal options. Compostable materials are best suited for food and garden waste. Recyclable materials are not waste, they are resources. Always make choices that take into account what is recyclable in your area, but consider the environmental impacts of production and disposal.